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Another recently released UF/IFAS mandarin, ‘Bingo,’ came from the same breeding line. Since then, growers across the state have planted well more than 150,000 ‘Bingo’ trees with the first fruit on the way.

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USPP27778P3

USPP27778P3US14/544,780US201514544780VUSPP27778P3US PP27778 P3USPP27778 P3US PP27778P3US 201514544780 VUS201514544780 VUS 201514544780VUS PP27778 P3USPP27778 P3US PP27778P3

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fruit

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Frederick G. Gmitter, Jr.

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Florida Foundation Seed Producers Inc

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CriticalFlorida Foundation Seed Producers Inc

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ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS).Publication of US20160242334P1publicationApplication grantedgrantedPublication of USPP27778P3publicationActivelegal-statusCurrent

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• titleabstract3
• abstract241001673112Citrus clementinaSpecies0.000201000010099diseasesDiseases0.000241000207199CitrusSpecies0.000235000020971citrus fruitsNutrition0.000241000283690Bos taurusSpecies0.000210000001672OvaryAnatomy0.000241000589655Xanthomonas citriSpecies0.000280000847184Bloomcompanies0.000241001478315Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticusSpecies0.000241000679029Citrus kinokuniSpecies0.000240000002319Citrus sinensisSpecies0.000235000005976Citrus sinensisNutrition0.000241000196324EmbryophytaSpecies0.000239000005977EthyleneSubstances0.000230000001154acuteEffects0.000239000003086colorantsSubstances0.000VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-NetheneChemical compounddata:image/svg+xml;base64,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data:image/svg+xml;base64,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C=CVGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N0.000239000003921oilsSubstances0.000241000223600AlternariaSpecies0.000241000223602Alternaria alternataSpecies0.000241000125118Elsinoe fawcettiiSpecies0.000240000007817Olea europaeaSpecies0.000206010039509ScabDiseases0.000210000003491SkinAnatomy0.000210000003462VeinsAnatomy0.000102220382874YV004_HUMAN N25AHuman genes0.000230000001488breedingEffects0.000230000001364causal effectsEffects0.000239000003795chemical substances by applicationSubstances0.000239000003205fragranceSubstances0.000238000003306harvestingMethods0.000238000000034methodsMethods0.000239000002420orchardSubstances0.000210000000056organsAnatomy0.000230000006308pollinationEffects0.000230000000644propagatedEffects0.000238000003753real-time PCRMethods0.000230000001850reproductiveEffects0.000239000007787solidsSubstances0.000241000894007speciesSpecies0.000230000037303wrinklesEffects0.000Latin name of the genus and species of the plant claimed: Citrus reticulata hybrid×Citrus kinokuni ‘Mukakukishu’.

  Variety denomination: ‘Bingo’.

  BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

  The present invention relates to a new and distinct early maturing, seedless, and convenient-to-consume mandarin hybrid called ‘Bingo’. This cultivar arose from a seedling tree selected among a family of hybrids from a cross of the seed parent LB7-11 (an unnamed, unreleased breeding line, itself a hybrid of ‘Clementine’ mandarin crossed with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange) and pollen parent ‘Seedless Kishu’ (known as ‘Mukakukishu’ in Japan), an unpatented, small-fruited mandarin cultivar. The cross was made in Lake Alfred, Fla. in spring 2005, and the original seedling tree was planted in the field in Lake Alfred, Fla. spring 2007. The cultivar was first selected in autumn 2013, when its distinctive appearance and unique qualities were first noted, including the significantly greater-than-average health of the tree itself, which has demonstrated substantial field tolerance to Huanglongbing disease (HLB or citrus greening). ‘Bingo’ was first asexually propagated in October 2014 by topworking onto a citrus rootstock in Vero Beach, Fla. The claimed tree reproduces true to type and is stable in successive generations.

  The original parent tree ‘LB7-11’ no longer exists. However, it differed from claimed variety ‘Bingo’ in several aspects. ‘LB7-11’ matured in mid-November to early December, while ‘Bingo’ matures from late September to early November. ‘LB7-11’ also had a thicker rind and was more difficult to peel than ‘Bingo’. ‘LB7-11’ regularly had 10-20 monoembryonic seeds per fruit under cross pollination, while ‘Bingo’ is completely seedless, even under intensive cross-pollination conditions.

  ‘Seedless Kishu’ matures at a similar time as ‘Bingo’ in Florida, although generally tends to be slightly later. The fruit of ‘Bingo’ are larger, more intensely pigmented externally and internally, and they hold on the tree longer and have a substantially longer post-harvest period than ‘Seedless Kishu’. ‘Bingo’ flowers are also larger than those of ‘Seedless Kishu’.

  ‘Fanglo’ and ‘US Early Pride’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 23,724, a mutant selected from irradiated ‘Fanglo’) may be harvested in Florida at the same season. ‘Fanglo’ has numerous seeds, and ‘US Early Pride’ is lower in seed number, while ‘Bingo’ is always seedless. ‘Bingo’ produces a smaller fruit, which peels much easier and cleaner than ‘Fanglo’ and ‘US Early Pride’.

  ‘Clementine’ mandarins are harvested in California at nearly the same season, and marketed throughout the US. ‘Bingo’ differs by its much deeper orange-red color internally and externally. ‘Bingo’ is easier to peel, and has much higher Brix, and in general better eating quality. Further, if cross pollinated, ‘Clementine’ fruit also will produce seeds.

  Fruit of ‘Bingo’ were harvested Sep. 30, 2015 and some were exposed to ethylene (4.5-5.0 ppm) for 48 hours, 29° C., 95% relative humidity and then stored at 4° C. for up to 8 weeks. ‘Fanglo’, the common Florida mandarin cultivar harvested in the same season, was exposed to the same conditions, with the exception that the ethylene exposure time was 24 hours. After 6 weeks of storage, fruit of both cultivars, treated and untreated, were 100% healthy. After 8 weeks in storage, 92.3% of treated ‘Bingo’ fruit and 92.85% and untreated ‘Bingo’ fruit remained healthy. By contrast, 67% of treated fruit of ‘Fanglo’ and 83% untreated fruit of ‘Fanglo’ remained healthy.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

  The following detailed description sets forth the distinctive characteristics of ‘Bingo’. This cultivar produces annual crops of well-colored fruit that are essentially seedless, very easy to peel, mature early in the season, and are of excellent eating quality. The present botanical description is that of the variety grown as a 7-8 year-old tree growing on its own roots in Lake Alfred, Fla. The colors (except those in common terms) are described using The R.H.S. Colour Chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society in London (second edition), in association with the Flower Council of Holland.

  BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

  This new mandarin hybrid tree is illustrated by the accompanying photographs which show the tree's form, foliage, and fruit. The colors shown are as true as can be reasonably obtained by conventional photographic procedures. The photographs and phenotypic description provided herein are of a tree approximately 8-years old. FIGS. 1-3 were taken in the fall. FIGS. 4-5 were taken during the early winter from the same tree.

  FIG. 1—Shows the overall mature plant growth habit in the fall time.

  FIG. 2—Shows mature fruits hanging on the tree; fruit and foliage in upper right corner of photo is from an adjacent tree, from a different hybrid.

  FIG. 3—Shows a close-up of leaves and mature fruits.

  FIG. 4—Shows a close-up of the mature fruit.

  FIG. 5—Shows a close-up of the mature fruit with the rind and cross-sectional view of the fruit when cut in the center.

  DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONPhenotypic Description of ‘Bingo’
  • Classification:
    • • Botanical.—Citrus reticulata hybrid×Citrus kinokuni ‘Mukakukishu’.
      • Common name.—Mandarin hybrid or Tangerine.
  • Parentage:
    • • Female parent.—LB7-11, an unpatented, unreleased hybrid of ‘Clementine’ mandarinבValencia’ sweet orange.
      • Male parent.—‘Seedless Kishu’ (unpatented; also known as ‘Mukakukishu’).
  • Tree:
    • • Ploidy.—Diploid.
      • Size.—Small to Medium.
      • Height.—2.7 m.
      • Tree spread.—1.8 to 2.2 m.
      • Vigor.—Vigorous.
      • Density.—Canopy is quite dense.
      • Form.—The tree has an obloid shape with lateral and upright branches growing. Branches with fruit exhibit drooping.
      • Growth habit.—Both upright and lateral growth, with more lateral growth.
  • Trunk:
    • • Trunk diameter.—8.7 cm in diameter at a height of 30 cm above the ground, 7 year old tree.
      • Trunk texture.—Smooth.
      • Trunk bark color.—RHS 197A (greyed-green); irregularly striated with RHS 137B (green).
  • Branches:
    • • Crotch angle.—First crotch forms a 25- to 30-degree angle, middle crotch forms a 35-degree angle.
      • Branch length.—Branch reaches 1.8 m from the first crotch to the tip of the branch.
      • Branch texture.—Relatively smooth, occasionally with small thorns or spines.
      • Branch color (shoots from previous flush, hardened and 4 to 5 mm in diameter).—RHS 138A (green).
  • Leaves:
    • • Size (lamina average).—Length: 103.5 mm. Width: 52 mm. L/W ratio: 1.99.
      • Thickness.—Regular and average compared to commercial mandarin hybrids.
      • Type.—Simple.
      • Arrangement.—Alternate.
      • Shape.—Elliptical.
      • Apex.—Retuse.
      • Base.—Acute to sub-obtuse.
      • Margin.—Entire and slightly undulate.
      • Surface.—Upper surface: Glabrous. Lower surface: Medium veins that are pinnately netted.
      • Color.—Upper surface (adaxial): RHS N137A (green). Lower surface (abaxial): RHS 146A (yellow-green).
      • Petiole.—Shape: Brevipetiolate (shorter than leaf lamina); junction between petiole and lamina is articulate. Width (petiole wing): Very narrow. Shape (petiole wing): Obovate. Length: 10.9 to 11.1 mm. Width: 2.0 to 2.3 mm. Color: RHS N137A (green).
  • Flowers and flower buds:
    • • Type.—Hermaphrodite.
      • Bearing.—Flowers grow from leaf axillaries and leaf terminals singly and in small clusters, single flower and double flowers growing from leaf axillaries have been seen. Each flower branch consists of 7-10 flowers.
      • Flower diameter.—Fully open flower has an average diameter of 16.5 to 19 mm.
      • Flower depth.—Typical flower has an average depth of 10.3 to 10.6 mm.
      • Flower blooming period.—First bloom: Observed Mar. 1, 2014. Full bloom: Observed Mar. 12, 2014.
      • Flower bud size.—Length: Initial visible flower bud is 2.3 mm in length; mature flower bud is 9.4 mm in length. Diameter: Initial visible flower bud is 2.5 mm in diameter; mature flower bud is 4.9 mm in diameter. Shape: Initial visible flower bud has round ball shape; mature flower bud has elongated olive shape. Color: RHS 144B (yellow-green) for initial visible flower bud; RHSNN155C (white) for mature flower bud with RHS 150D (yellow-green) spots distributed at tip of the flower bud.
      • Flower petals.—Shape: Flat, spatula shaped. Apex shape: Smooth, acute shaped. Base shape: Even obtuse.
      • Color.—Upper surface: RHS NN155C (white). Lower surface: RHS NN155C (white) with RHS 150D (yellow-green) spots distributed toward to the petal apex. Margin: Smooth.
      • Sepal.—Number: 5 per flower. Shape: Delta shaped with acute angle at apex. Length: 1.4 mm. Width: 2.1 mm. Apex shape: Triangle shaped. Margin: Smooth.
      • Color.—Upper surface: RHS 149D yellow-green). Lower surface: RHS 149C (yellow-green).
      • Fragrance.—Moderately fragrant.
      • Pedicel.—Length: 5.2 to 5.4 mm. Diameter: 0.7 to 0.8 mm. Color: RHS 143C (green).
      • Reproductive organs.—Fertility: Appears self-fertile. Stamen length: 5.0 to 5.2 mm. Anther length: 1.1 mm. Anther width: 0.5 to 0.6 mm. Anther color: RHS 18A (yellow-orange). Anther filament length: 3.7 to 3.8 mm. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color (general): RHS 14A (yellow-orange). Pistil number: 1. Pistil length: 5.7 to 6.0 mm. Pistil color: RHS 12B (yellow). Style length: 4.6 mm. Style diameter: 0.8 to 0.9 mm. Style color: RHS 150C (yellow-green). Ovary shape: Oval shaped. Ovary: diameter: 1.9 mm. Ovary color: RHS 145A (yellow-green).
  • Fruit:
    • • Size.—Uniform.
      • Tall.—49.5 to 51.4 mm on average.
      • Width.—59.7 to 62.5 mm on average.
      • Average weight (per individual fruit).—93.2 g.
      • Shape.—Round.
      • Shape (cross-section).—Round.
      • Apex.—Truncated with shallow dent.
      • Apex cavity diameter.—N/A.
      • Base.—Short neck or no neck with wrinkle.
      • Base cavity diameter.—5.7 to 6.1 mm.
      • Harvesting.—First pick around Oct. 15, 2014 (based on season and rootstock); last pick around Dec. 15, 2014, although fruit continue to hold on the tree for a longer time (based on season and rootstock).
      • Fruit stem (short stem connecting the fruit).—Length: 5.4 mm. Diameter: 2.5 mm. Color: RHS 199B (greyed-brown) with RHS 138A (green) strip.
      • Productivity.—The crop is substantial on an annual basis. No quantitative measure is available to date. Performance of the cultivar (increased fruit size) can be enhanced by deliberate fruit thinning earlier in the season.
  • Skin:
    • • Adherence.—Adherence between albedo (mesocarp) and flesh (endocarp) is very loose, very easy to peel. The adherence is evenly distributed from base to apex.
      • Thickness.—2.3 to 2.4 mm on average.
      • Texture.—Smooth.
      • Color.—Flavedo (epicarp): Ranges between RHS N25B (orange) to RHS N25A (orange). Albedo (mesocarp): RHS 23A (yellow-orange).
      • Stylar end.—Closed.
      • Rind oil cell density.—224 oil cells/square cm.
  • Flesh:
    • • Number of segments.—Average between 10 and 11 segments per fruit.
      • Segment walls.—Medium soft with sufficient strength to maintain integrity as separated.
      • Juice.—Abundant.
      • Color.—Uniformly RHS 25A (orange).
      • Texture.—Firm to medium soft.
      • Vesicles.—Length: arranged from 11.5 to 11.8 mm on average. Diameter (thickness): 3.2 to 3.4 mm on average.
      • Eating quality.—Soluble solids (average): 11.6 Brix on Oct. 20, 2014; 12.5 Brix on Nov. 9, 2014.
      • Acidity (average).—0.81% on Oct. 20, 2014; 0.83 on Nov. 9, 2014.
      • Ratio.—14.32 on Oct. 20, 2014; 15.06 on Nov. 9, 2014.
  • Seeds: Seedless, although small but insignificant seed traces can be found.
  • Resistance to disease: The cultivar has demonstrated substantial field tolerance of HLB; the block in which the hybrid was grown and selected has been severely and uniformly challenged by this disease, with nearly all trees symptomatic, severely declining, or already dead. To date, the causal agent for HLB, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, has not been detected using the most sensitive qPCR detection methodology. No rigorous systematic disease resistance testing has been conducted, but the following observations have been made in the field. In addition to severe HLB pressure in the field plot where the original tree was grown, several other citrus diseases common in Florida are endemic in the orchard, including citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (synonym: X. axonopodis pv. citri)), Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternata), and citrus scab (Elsinoë fawcettii). None of these diseases have been observed on either foliage or fruit over 2.5 years of careful observation.

  Claims (1)

  What is claimed is:
  1. A new and distinct mandarin tree called ‘Bingo’ as illustrated and described herein.
  US14/544,7802015-02-122015-02-12Mandarin tree named ‘Bingo’ Active2035-04-10USPP27778P3 (en)

  Priority Applications (1)

  

  Applications Claiming Priority (1)

  Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title

  Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
  US20160242334P1US20160242334P1 (en)	2016-08-18
  US14/544,780Active2035-04-10USPP27778P3 (en)	2015-02-12	2015-02-12	Mandarin tree named ‘Bingo’

  Country Status (1)

  Country	Link
  USPP21356P3 (en)	2008-11-17	2010-10-05	Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.	Mandarin tree named ‘LB8-9’

  • 2015-02-12USUS14/544,780patent/USPP27778P3/enactiveActive

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US20150047083P1 (en)	2013-08-07	2015-02-12	Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.	Mandarin tree named 'c4-15-19'

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Owner name: FLORIDA FOUNDATION SEED PRODUCERS, INC., FLORIDA

Effective date: 20150309

Date	Code	Title	Description

At UF/IFAS, we are working on finding solutions for Florida’s citrus growers. This is a summary of one project made possible by state legislative funding for the UF/IFAS Citrus Initiative during the 2018-19 cycle. It documents how we are making progress and providing Florida growers with reasonable, pragmatic solutions to successfully grow citrus in the new age of citrus greening.

Mandarins Bingo Center

Researchers: Megan Dewdney, Plant Pathology; Christopher Vincent, Horticultural Sciences; Liliana Cano, Plant Pathology

Mandarins Bingo Center

IMPACT: The ‘Bingo’ mandarin is a promising citrus variety that many growers have planted, so understanding why the branches of many trees have died in the field is an urgent need. One or more species of Colletotrichum fungi were associated with twig dieback in ‘Bingo’ mandarin, but demonstrating infection requires more definitive research.

In recent years, California growers have boosted demand for fresh citrus by promoting their seedless, easy-peel mandarins as healthy snacks. Florida citrus producers were interested and UF/IFAS citrus breeders responded with a series of seedless mandarin hybrids, beginning with an early-season variety known as ‘Bingo’, released in February 2015. Bingo produces a small fruit with good flavor, that ripens in October, providing Florida growers with a marketing window in which they do not compete directly with California mandarins, which ripen later in the season. To date, more than 150,000 ‘Bingo’ trees have been planted in Florida, but growers have reported an unexpected problem — excessive twig dieback, a condition that reduces the tree’s leaf canopy dramatically, diminishing
both photosynthesis and fruit production.

Mandarin Bingo Sacramento

In hopes of pinpointing the cause and offering a solution, UF/IFAS plant pathologist Megan Dewdney and colleagues conducted studies to determine whether the dieback phenomenon involved fungi representing the genus Colletotrichum. This genus contains numerous plant pathogens, including two species blamed for causing citrus shoot dieback symptoms in California since 2012. Tissue samples collected from ‘Bingo’ trees in growers’ fields displaying twig dieback generated many isolates of Colletotrichum fungi, 13 of which were purified, and represent three species. Next, the team attempted — unsuccessfully — to induce dieback in healthy, greenhousegrown citrus trees by inoculating them with a solution containing all 13 Colletotrichum isolates. The results were not
entirely conclusive in regard to wounding but the researchers believe that dieback could be the result of an opportunistic infection that develops after a tree experiences severe physical damage or a physiological response to wounding, which can happen during normal field operations. Further experiments will help resolve this question.